Ceramics and Composite Materials

Ceramic and composites with one or more different phases that are having Nano-dimensions which are new generation of engineering materials that are having the potential applications in different areas.The typical micro structures of the Nano-ceramic composites  which  can be used as bulk materials   and as well as  different substrates for applications  which  mainly includes  silicon, Nitrate-silicon, alumina silica carbide composites and  Nano- ceramic-composite based  coatings.

1. Mechanical Behaviour and Performance of  Ceramics & Composites

2. Advanced Ceramic Coatings for Structural, Environmental, and Functional Applications

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and as well as a subgroup of ceramics. They consist of ceramic fibres embedded in a ceramic matrix. The matrix and fibres can consist of any ceramic material, whereby carbon and carbon fibres can also be considered a ceramic material

Porous ceramics shows significant properties and features   that other ceramics can’t exhibit. So that is why porous ceramics is found in different applications as final products in developing sites.  Porous   ceramics possess different physical properties such as good chemical and thermal stability, great fine specific strength and rigidity. The armour ceramics are used to protect the vehicles in the past and the strongest and lightest ceramic material is the boron-carbide. The materials that are used in armour ceramics are Carbon, Silica, and Aluminium-Oxide. Boron Carbide is mainly used for ceramic plates in order

Nanotechnology is a science, Engineering and technology that has been conducted at a small range is 1 to 100nm. Nanotechnology refers to the study of small things or tiny particles which can be used across different parts or various fields like biology, science, chemistry, physics, Material science and Engineering. The microscopes which are needed to see the small tiny things at the Nano scale. Now-a-days most of the scientists and engineers take the advantage of making the materials at the nano-scale in order to adopt the properties like strength , light weight , increased control of spectrum and  great  chemical reactivity  from the large scales.

Mainly it can be divided into mainly two types that is 1.solid state Sintering and 2.Liquid phase Sintering. The solid state Sintering occurs when the powder compact is taken in the solid state where as liquid phase sintering occurs when the powder compact is densified in the liquid state. Besides these solid and liquid phase sintering there are other types of sintering such as Transient liquid phase   sintering   and   viscous flow sintering. The sintering process is widely used in the metallurgy process and as well as other ceramic components. Most of the industries use this process as trail and error method that provides less cost and more production. The Sintering process consists of other different types of models such as atomic scale model, Multi scale model including various different types of techniques for the computer   Simulation.

Mainly it can be divided into mainly two types that is 1.solid state Sintering and 2.Liquid phase Sintering. The solid state Sintering occurs when the powder compact is taken in the solid state where as liquid phase sintering occurs when the powder compact is densified in the liquid state. Besides these solid and liquid phase sintering there are other types of sintering such as Transient liquid phase   sintering   and   viscous flow sintering. The sintering process is widely used in the metallurgy process and as well as other ceramic components. Most of the industries use this process as trail and error method that provides less cost and more production. The Sintering process consists of other different types of models such as atomic scale model, Multi scale model including various different types of techniques for the computer   Simulation.

Ultrahigh temperature ceramics is a part of the re factory ceramics which define the stability at temperatures exceeding 2000C. This is also used in the environmental side   which is mainly used to detect the extreme temperatures in the chemical reactivity, erosion attack etc. Using the melting temperature we are going to define only some materials under the ultrahigh temperature and ceramics and the materials that includes most of carbides, borides or nitrides of early transition elements

• Borides that includes the ceramic like properties   and also with high temperatures with high elastic and metallic properties such as high electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. These properties make the UHTC’s more attractive.
• Carbides: Comparing to borides the carbides have high melting point and less electrical conductivity. Carbides have low oxidation resistance at interval temperatures due to formation of the co gas as one of the oxidation product. Carbides are typically used as the single phase ceramics in order to avoid the increase in temperatures, formation of reactions, solution formation and as well as formation of eutectics.
• The development of the ultra-high temperature and ceramics is continued around and across the globe. while the significant progress has been made in order to understanding the fundamental microstructure processing elements  further work indeed  to develop the UHTC’s applications such as sharp leading  and as well as aerospace wheels for the vehicles that are used in the space.

The ceramic coating and surface engineering is a platform where to bring all scientists, research scholars, researchers to share their ideas, experiences on ceramic coating and research engineering. The surface engineering involves the altering properties of the surface phase in order  to reduce the degradation over time and moreover it provides the material which is low of cost for the robust design. The surface engineering is used in various fields such as biomedical, power, electronic and so on. Coming to the ceramic coatings there are various benefits   that this type of coating provides the substrate that is coated. The   benefits are listed below:

• Makes the substrate more wear resistance
• It provides the thermal insulation.
• It provides electrical insulation
• The It increases the hardness of the substrate.

ceramic coatings are wide spread across various industries especially in the steel industry this is used to provide the  properties of corrosion and wear  protection and also the marine also use this property to define the  resistance to corrosion  in the presence  of salt water  along with non-conduction and wear protective

It is mainly divided into following types such as advanced ceramics and systems, Design, development, processing and characterization of ceramic materials, Ceramic super capacitors, Materials and structures for solid oxide fuel cell and electrolysers. Micro porous amorphous, zeolite or hybrid organic-inorganic membranes, Production, Conversion and Storage.

Ceramic engineering is a branch of engineering that deals with the science and technology which is used for creating the object from organic and inorganic materials. It combines the principles of physics, chemistry and Engineering. The ceramic engineering is mainly used for the production of ceramic teeth, ceramic bones and other fibre optics. It is used in various fields such as medicine, construction, electronics, military, optic fibres etc.

Glass Engineering is a hard substance which may be transparent or translucent substance that is easy to break. It is manufactured by fusion process. Glass is used in construction and as well as in architectural purposes in engineering. The engineering properties that possess by the glass is listed are Transparency, Strength, Work ability, U value and Recycle property

The Bioceramics  is a material which is used for repairing or replacing damaged bone tissues. Basically physical, chemical and biological evaluation should be done likewise respectively long-term evaluation should be done if the ceramics is present in the bone tissue for a long time.  But the long term evaluation is not easy to perform but it reduces the cost. The ceramic materials which have been used are not the same as porcelain type ceramic materials. It covers biological elevation for cancer therapy and as well as it is used in tissue Engineering.

A ceramic application is the new platform which focuses on the development of the ceramic components and their integrative design in complex industrial solutions. Recently the field has been include the studies of the single crystals and as well as fibres. In addition to polycrystalline materials the applications that has been overlapping and exchanging. The following are the applications that comprises of

A crystalline or a crystal is a solid material which has been comprised of the constituents such as atoms, ions, molecules   which have been arranged in a highly ordered structure like an crystalline solid that exists in all directions. Many crystalline materials are centrosymmetric. Single element solids like fcc, bcc. And the diamond shape crystalline consists of the inversion symmetry.  It covers the semiconductors, ferro-electric, optic-fibres.

Production root technologies have interdisciplinary nature including the board spectrum of the manufacturing of materials to module integration. The interdisciplinary plays a vital role. Production root technologies is nothing but the collection of six technologies that include the welding, forming heat treatment and as well as surface treatment. As the function of the products increases the importance of the technology concurrently growing.

The interdisciplinary field of material science is referred to as material science and engineering. It is the new design which is used to discover the new solids and materials. The basics of the material science include the structure of materials and as well as their properties and determines the structure of a material and properties of the constituent elements, and are taken together which are related to the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics, govern a material's microstructure, and thus its properties. This is mainly used to understand ancient, phenomenal observations in metallurgy and mineralogy

The electro ceramics is mainly used for the preparation of conductors, resistors, capacitors, microwave dielectric conductors etc. The electro ceramics has been used various different types of applications. In addition to these there are desirable levels of electrical properties, devices that have been manufactured from electro ceramic materials which also exhibit adequate levels of mechanical and other properties. Electrical Ceramics and Transparent polycrystalline materials as optical ceramics

It is a physical property which is observed in certain materials where the electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic flux fields have been expelled. Any such type of material exhibiting these types of properties referred to as super conductors. Like ferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanical mystery. There are many different types in which they have been classified

 The tissue engineering is an important field which is mainly used to repair the effected tissue. Recently, it has been considered as one of the biomedical nanomaterial which plays  a major role in tissue engineering as they better supports the  tissue regeneration besides it also  combines the principles of materials and cell transplantation of endogenous new generation.

Ceramography   has been evolved with the other branches of materialography and as well as with the ceramic engineering. It is often done qualitatively, for comparison of the microstructure of a component to a standard for quality control or failure analysis purposes. Three common quantitative analysis of microstructures are grain size, second-phase content and porosity whereas crystallography is a branch of science that deals with discerning the arrangement and bonding of atoms in crystalline solids along  with the geometric structure of crystal lattices. 

It is mainly used to represent the appealing class of materials whereby the field of metal oxide nanostructured morphologies have become one of the most active research areas within the Nanoscience community. The main ability to manufacture ceramics with an intrinsic nanostructure is that which enables the resulting ceramic materials should be optimized for a specific purpose. It also covers Highly porous ceramic and metal materials, Composites based on shape-memory alloys, Design and manufacturing technology for ceramic and cermet composites with structural and phase transformations,.

• Increased investment on the development of infrastructure
•  It also requires High production cost

It is mainly used to represent the appealing class of materials where the field of metal oxide nanostructured morphologies have become one of the most active research areas within the Nano-science community. The main ability to manufacture ceramics with an intrinsic nanostructure is that which enables the resulting ceramic materials should be optimized for a specific purpose. It also covers highly porous ceramic and metal materials, Composites based on shape-memory alloys, Design and manufacturing technology for ceramic and cermet composites with structural and phase transformations.

The electronic ceramic materials are reviewed to check the behaviour of capacitors, thermistors, varistors, and other electro ceramic components.  The progress on the miniaturisation of ceramic components leads to the development of multipurpose electronic packages containing the complex three-dimensional circuitry Besides  a wide variety of smart sensors, transducers, and actuators are being constructed  for  the utilisation of  composite materials  in order  to concentrate fields and forces

The ceramics industry is at top position in producing unique design of high quality ceramic products such as tiles, sanitary ware, ceramics tableware, brick and roof tiles, and refractories. However, the silicate based traditional ceramic and construction materials industry needs to be being continuously evolve and adapt to the challenges that have been increasing competitively and gain sustainability in the industry. Consequently, considerable attention is required by the sector  for the research and development in all aspects: from design to digital decoration, from new products to new applications,  in the innovation of materials and the manufacturing processes, and to input from progress in many other fields of advanced materials in geo polymers